Neandertals

• Europe & Near East

• SITES: La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France; Shanidar, Iraq

Slide with Neandertal and Modern Human Skulls

Slide showing Neandertal geographic range

Slide showing Neandertal and Modern Humans

Slide showing Neandertal and Modern Human skeletons

Cold Stress

Neanderthal—Physical Appearance

La Chapelle-aux-Saints

Neandertal Reconstruction

Neandertal Reconstruction 2—Modern View

The Neandertals

Lifestyle

A. Physical Activity

B. Subsistence & Shelter

C. Technology - Levallois cores and Mousterian assemblage

D. Cannibalism

E. Social Structure

F. Ritual

High Physical Activity Levels

Distal phalanges of the hand

Cortical bone

Coordinated Hunting of Big Game

Levallois Tools (Mousterian Industry)

Cannibalism?

Social Structure

Ritual?