Table C.3 Measurements of the femur (in mm) used in this study. Ages have been estimated in fractions of years following the protocol described in Chapters 2 and 3. Asterisks indicate specimens whose age was estimated based on mandible measurements. specimen number sex age (years) coll. date coll. state side midline length TL prox. width min. prox. thickness max. prox. thickness midshaft width midshaft thickness dist. width dist. thickness fusion ACZ 99:9:1 M 0.08 1998 AK R 38.21 39.34 19.59 6.84 10.6 10.7 6.92 22.05 9.81 unfused ACZ 99:9:2 M 0.08 1998 AK R 39.56 40.88 18.03 5.9 9.09 9.13 5.9 19.38 8.54 unfused *CAS 2321 M 6.62 16-Oct-16 AK R 85.39 86.46 39.54 12.42 18.92 17.7 11.02 43.02 18.33 unfused *CAS 2322 F 1.43 20-Oct-16 AK R 53.51 55.44 24.32 7.67 12.64 11.6 7.62 29.45 12.11 unfused CAS 2323 M 0.36 14-Nov-16 AK R 40.51 41.85 19.03 6.42 - 9.61 6.55 23.12 10.16 unfused *CAS 2324 F 4.12 20-Dec-16 AK R 78.43 82.27 30.2 12.8 17.06 15.64 10.99 35.36 19.81 both ends fully fused CAS 2325 M 6.95 15-Jun-17 AK R 96.03 98.95 42.82 12.42 20.01 21.33 13.1 46.68 18.09 unfused CAS 3070 M 1.97 22-Jun-18 AK R 60.03 61.25 26.93 9.11 15.49 13.76 9.15 32.98 14.08 unfused *CAS 4468 M 5.62 28-Jun-18 AK R 75.27 76.8 34.12 11.54 19.18 15.65 10.12 38.56 16.68 unfused CAS 4470 F 0.11 12-Aug-17 AK - - - - - - - - - - - CAS 4471 F 0.1 9-Aug-18 AK - - - - - - - - - - - CAS 4536a ?M 0.1 9-Aug-18 AK L 38.02 39.05 17.88 5.89 9.02 8.86 6.4 18.7 8.33 unfused CAS 4536b ?F 0.1 9-Aug-18 AK L 32.33 33.03 15.16 5.14 7.78 7.28 4.92 17.34 7.98 unfused CAS 4564 F 21.9 18-Jul-18 AK R 75.06 80.25 31.73 10 15.67 14.03 11.11 33.95 19.87 both ends fully fused *CAS 4655 M 1.38 10-Oct-23 AK R 56.73 57.56 27.06 6.95 13.37 13.18 8.16 31.33 13.5 unfused *CAS 4656 M 4.35 10-Oct-23 AK R 78.68 77.64 37.52 12.14 20.77 18.09 10.16 43.68 15.62 unfused *CAS 4703 F 3.29 3-Aug-18 AK R 61.98 63.89 28.61 8.97 15.27 12.76 9.29 31.61 12.73 unfused CAS 16247 F 0.48 18-Dec-72 CA R 38.32 38.88 17.05 5.18 9.53 7.93 5.02 19.59 9.49 unfused CAS 20737 M 0.24 21-Sep-76 CA R - 43.87 20.35 6.05 10.29 9.41 6.21 23.4 11.48 unfused *CAS 21243 F 4.71 7-Jul-79 CA R 79.09 85.82 32.52 11.09 17.38 13.86 10.45 34.16 20.29 both ends fully fused CAS 21782 M 0.34 25-Oct-79 CA R 40.83 41.88 19.72 6.28 10.84 10.19 6.73 22.16 10.5 unfused CAS 21783 F 0.3 12-Oct-79 CA R 41.02 42.34 18.79 5.18 9.91 8.38 5.52 21.46 10.24 unfused CAS 22569 M 0.4 16-Nov-80 CA R 44.7 45.83 21.65 5.94 11.22 11.63 6.75 24.51 10.94 unfused CAS 23140 F 0.23 16-Sep-88 CA R 42.13 42.64 20.62 7.02 10.14 10.32 6.92 23.53 11.48 unfused CAS 23144 M 0.22 13-Sep-88 CA R 45.3 46.18 19.97 7.54 11.91 10.41 7.65 24.86 12.12 unfused CAS 23856 M 4.25 24-Sep-94 CA R 72.61 72.97 33.31 9.91 16.53 14.78 10.16 38.22 18.56 unfused CAS 24098 F 0.63 9-Feb-97 CA R 43.35 45.18 19.48 6.98 11.07 10.26 7.09 22.39 10.08 unfused CAS 24159 M 0.9 17-May-96 CA R 47.16 48.23 21.76 6.45 10.54 11.93 7.23 27.05 12.8 unfused CAS 24160 M 0.4 29-Jan-97 CA R 42.21 43.81 19.83 6.66 9.72 9.39 6.55 22.86 10.47 unfused *CAS 24264 F 5.93 21-Jan-98 CA R 74.21 79.54 30.42 8.24 15.44 13.84 9.62 34.64 18.89 both ends fully fused CAS 24350 F 0.25 24-Sep-98 CA R 40.36 41.64 19.32 6.28 10.4 8.78 5.7 23.15 11.07 unfused CAS 24351 F 0.68 26-Feb-98 CA R 38.45 39.28 18.42 6.24 9.11 9.28 5.95 21.01 9.53 unfused *CAS 24460 F 0.2 n.a. AK R 38.26 39.66 18.41 6.21 9.32 9.49 6.37 21.41 9.66 unfused MAE M-064 M 0 1998 AK R 36.52 37.68 18.3 5.9 9.35 9.53 5.88 20.38 9 unfused MAE M-067 F 23 1999 AK (via zoo) R 77.48 85.47 35.63 11.99 17.7 15.96 11.5 37.69 21.18 both ends fully fused *MAE 740770 F 0.57 n.a. n.a. L 40.08 41.54 19.09 6.64 9.7 - - 23.29 9.87 unfused *MCRC Y1 F 22.91 1970s WA? L 77.89 82.92 32.48 11.56 16.53 14.23 11.19 34.94 20.7 both ends fully fused *MCRC Y4 F 3.5 n.a. WA? R 75.95 80.34 29.93 9.78 15.73 13.43 9.33 34.23 19.67 both ends fully fused *MCRC Y6 F 0.54 n.a. WA? R 42.27 43.54 19.71 6.27 10.24 9.28 6.75 22.63 10.87 unfused "NMML ""7/17/81""" F 4 17-Jul-81 AK R 73.14 73.71 28.41 9.84 15.52 - - 33.15 19.47 "prox. unfused, dist. partially fused; prox. unfused" "NMML ""C.u. newborn female""" F 0 n.a. ?AK? R 32.41 33.1 15.71 5.45 8.23 - - 17.21 7.87 unfused "NMML ""C.u. newborn male""" M 0 n.a. ?AK? R 36.72 37.67 17.99 5.75 9.29 - - 18.5 8.4 unfused "NMML ""KMM 069""" M 0.5 21-Jan-92 WA? L 45.76 47.51 21.66 6.2 11.22 - - 26.56 11.64 unfused "NMML ""NWR 01001""" F 0.55 21-Jan-00 WA R 42.34 43.33 20.08 7.2 10.69 9.36 6.4 22.46 9.56 unfused "NMML ""Sitka 1/6/98""" F 0.49 1-Jan-98 AK L 41.29 42.51 19.03 5.96 9.71 - - 22.1 9.82 unfused "NMML ""SMI 99-1""" F 0.1 30-Jul-99 AK R 36.19 37.38 17.51 5.85 9.49 9.02 6.29 19.88 9.53 unfused "NMML ""SMI female 2000""" F 0.13 ~20-Jul-2000 CA L 38.62 39.64 17.36 5.36 8.55 - - 19.84 8.85 unfused "NMML ""SMI male 2000""" M 0.13 ~20-Jul-2000 CA R 39.41 40.21 19.05 6.3 10.25 - - 22.6 10.15 unfused "NMML ""SNP 98-1""" M 0.03 15-Jul-98 AK R 33.35 35.07 17.42 6.42 9.22 9.39 5.76 19.32 8.96 unfused "NMML ""SNP 98-2""" M 0 1998 AK L 33.85 34.91 16.42 6.33 8.24 9.01 5.72 18.21 9.22 unfused "NMML ""SNP 98-4""" F 0.04 17-Jul-98 AK L 32.86 33.95 16.05 4.5 8.15 8.17 5.08 18.07 8.14 unfused NMML 458 M 1.17 13-Sep-48 AK R 49.53 51.33 23.31 7.26 12.14 11.29 7.07 28.81 11.4 unfused *NMML 1773 F 23.2 1992 n.a. R 76.58 82.44 31.39 9.09 15.95 14.57 10.76 33.62 21.56 both ends fully fused NMML 1774 M 7 1992 n.a. R 86.77 88.29 41.83 11.69 20.86 20.51 13.14 46.13 19.16 unfused NMML 1775 F 0 1997 n.a. L 34.04 34.67 15.81 5.44 8.06 7.87 5.24 17.64 8.29 unfused PSM 2447 F 9 10-Jul-50 AK L 77.99 83.6 33.07 8.74 16.15 13.39 9.51 36.44 20.71 both ends fully fused PSM 2448 M 0.02 16-Jul-50 AK R 35.22 36.19 16.93 5.86 8.94 8.84 6.23 17.73 8.35 unfused PSM 24832 F 0.73 30-Mar-76 WA L 44.07 45.44 19.86 6.15 9.77 10.32 6.49 24.32 10.35 unfused PSM 26352 F 4 n.a. WA R 60.27 62.94 27.92 9.29 13.81 13.13 9.75 31.63 13.55 unfused PSM 27384 F 7.85 12-May-77 WA R 82.08 87.86 33.84 10.85 18.15 14.83 10.47 35.54 22.56 both ends fully fused PSU 98-12-26 F 0.48 26-Dec-98 AK? R 43.56 44.64 20.47 5.75 9.84 9.63 6.15 23.86 11.62 unfused UAA Y5 M 3 n.a. n.a. R 61.3 63.5 29.4 10.4 16.4 - - 36.3 15.1 unfused *UAM 18723 F 8.19 13-Aug-76 AK R 78.1 84.85 32.5 10.7 17.4 - - 33.8 21.1 both ends fully fused USNM A0012740a F 5.29 n.a. AK L 76.74 76.23 31.62 10.55 18.19 - - 38.82 18.71 "prox. unfused, dist. unfused, but in place " *USNM A0012740b F 27.28 n.a. AK L 77.87 83.2 32.65 8.89 16.3 - - 34.66 18.65 both ends fully fused USNM A0014221 M 0.17 n.a. AK? L 39.24 40.01 18.73 7.37 10.64 - - 23.05 10.36 unfused USNM A0016310 M 1 20-Aug-1879 AK - - - - - - - - - - - USNM A0016311 M 0.12 30-Aug-1879 AK? L 38.33 39.42 17.97 5.57 9.03 - - 20.46 9.43 unfused USNM A0016312 M 3 20-Aug-1879 AK? L 79.38 78.01 31.55 10.53 16.93 - - 35.17 20.48 "unfused, but dist. epiphysis in place; landmarks estimated" USNM A0016313 M 4 30-Aug-1879 AK? L 88.26 94.85 39.41 12.09 21.76 - - 46.91 25.07 "unfused, but epiphyses in place; landmarks estimated" USNM A0016314 M 0.15 5-Aug-1879 AK? L 39.29 40.28 18.73 6.29 9.7 - - 20.43 8.97 unfused *USNM A0016315 M -0.31 1879 AK R 23.99 24.2 11.51 4.63 5.89 - - 11.59 5.6 unfused; poorly ossified USNM A0016317 M 0.17 22-Aug-1879 AK? L 40.96 42.25 20.15 6.35 10.27 - - 23.63 10.31 unfused USNM A0016318 M 1 Aug-1879 AK - - - - - - - - - - - USNM A0016319 M 0.25 Aug-1879 AK? L 46.5 47.97 22.32 6.7 11.27 - - 26.13 11.51 unfused *USNM A0020866 M 7.98 n.a. AK? L 98.73 101.91 42.29 12.1 24.93 - - 47.18 22 unfused *USNM A0021332 F 4.2 1882 AK R 66.79 72.79 30.16 9.29 14.67 12.62 9.45 31.46 12.47 unfused; head partially fused but not in place *USNM A0021334 M 0.11 1882 AK - - - - - - - - - - - USNM 206311 F 0.23 26-Sep-11 AK L - - 18.31 6.44 9.43 - - 21.43 10.82 unfused *USNM 219848 F 4.57 19-teens AK R 74.38 79.91 31.22 8.76 15.95 12.59 9.64 32.48 20.05 both ends fully fused *USNM 219849 M 6.26 1916 AK R 90.22 90.46 40.72 10.74 21.56 19.05 12.64 47.61 17.93 unfused *USNM 219850 M 4.53 19-teens AK L 80.53 80.56 35.83 11.32 19.55 14.8 10.65 38.84 17.94 unfused *USNM 219852 M 1.42 19-teens AK R 50.49 50.53 24.88 8.56 13.06 13.58 8.24 30.39 12.32 unfused *USNM 219855 M 1.28 19-teens AK L 51.61 52.78 24.66 7.88 12.5 12.17 8.51 30.62 13.35 unfused *USNM 219858 M 6.88 19-teens AK R 93.37 94.36 40.91 12.85 23.64 21.67 14.62 45.8 18.46 unfused *USNM 219859 M 5.66 1917 AK R 83.95 85.59 37.39 12.54 19.52 17.82 11.88 44.76 17.01 unfused *USNM 219860 M 5.48 1917 AK R 82.6 83.2 36.66 9.23 21.64 17.08 11.09 41.28 17.69 unfused *USNM 219861 M 6.92 1917 AK R 89.74 90.88 37.76 10.17 20.49 17.17 12.43 43.32 18.78 unfused USNM 237301 M 7 1919 AK L 95.2 96.42 44.91 13.09 25.09 23.04 14.04 50.15 21.44 unfused USNM 285721 M 3 1946 AK R 66.2 66.61 31.01 8.5 16.01 14.5 9.2 36.06 14.89 unfused *USNM 504200 F 9.28 1-Jan-75 n.a. R 78.5 83.77 32.63 9.97 17.38 14.91 11.02 34.61 20.68 both ends fully fused USNM 564286 F 0.24 1-Oct-41 AK R 40.25 41.52 17.88 5.16 8.97 8.34 5.84 19.45 8.3 unfused WBM 12550 M 9 3-Aug-47 AK R 100.27 101.81 42.69 12.45 19.48 20.54 12.33 43.87 17.56 unfused WBM 12552 M 14 20-Jul-50 AK R 126.42 134.58 57.53 15.05 26.58 25.11 15.58 51.5 32.85 both ends fully fused WBM 18334 F 0.81 24-Apr-58 AK R 41.85 42.83 19.01 6.47 9.75 9.69 6.75 22.33 9.75 unfused WBM 18335 M 3.82 1-May-58 AK L 61.88 63.46 30.79 10.42 16.75 14.12 9.49 36.47 15.57 unfused *WBM 19912 F -0.03 1956 AK R 32.4 33.75 15.37 4.64 7.92 7.54 5 16.46 7.36 unfused WBM 28806 M 6.16 1-Sep-48 AK R 104.84 113.14 46.7 11.85 21.57 20.23 13.5 47.6 - "unfused, but epiphyses in place; landmarks estimated" *WBM 32144 F 27.62 7-Apr-80 n.a. R 73.81 80.59 33.52 10 16.53 14.96 10.59 35.82 20.59 both ends fully fused WBM 38921 M 10 23-May-90 AK R 120.79 126.05 53.31 19.26 27.19 27.33 18.22 54.55 33.14 both ends fully fused